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The term phrasal verb is commonly applied to two or three distinct but related constructions in English: a verb and a particle and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation, but rather it can be taken as a whole. In other words, the meaning is non-compositional and thus unpredictable.〔That unpredictable meaning is the defining trait of phrasal verb constructions is widely assumed. See for instance Huddleston and Pullum (2002:273) and Allerton (2006:166).〕 Phrasal verbs that include a preposition are known as prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs that include a particle are also known as particle verbs. Additional alternative terms for ''phrasal verb'' are ''compound verb'', ''verb-adverb combination'', ''verb-particle construction'', ''two-part word/verb'', and ''three-part word/verb'' (depending on the number of particles), and ''multi-word verb''.〔Concerning these terms, see McArthur (1992:72ff.).〕 == Examples == One can discern at least three main types of phrasal verb constructions depending upon whether the verb combines with a preposition, a particle, or both.〔Declerck, R. Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English, A – 1991 Page 45 "The term multi-word verb can be used as a cover term for phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, prepositional phrasal verbs and combinations like put an end to."〕 The words constituting the phrasal verb constructions in the following examples are in bold: ::Verb + preposition (prepositional phrasal verbs)〔The Collins Cobuild English Grammar (1995:162) is a source that takes prepositional verbs to be phrasal verbs. Many other grammars, in contrast, distinguish between ''prepositional verbs'' (the additional word is a preposition) and ''phrasal verbs'' (the additional word is a particle).〕 ::a. Who is looking after the kids? – ''after'' is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase ''after the kids''. ::b. They picked on nobody. – ''on'' is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase ''on nobody''. ::c. I ran into an old friend. – ''into'' is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase ''into an old friend''.〔Ron Cowan – The Teacher's Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference 2008 Page 176 "The Adverb Insertion Test – Earlier, we saw that intransitive phrasal verbs usually do not permit the insertion of an adverb between the verb and the particle, and the same is true of transitive phrasal verbs, as (25a) and (25b) show. In contrast, prepositional verbs do permit adverb insertion, as (25c) demonstrates. (25) a. *He turned quickly out the light. = separable phrasal verb. b. *He ran unexpectedly into his cousin = inseparable phrasal verb. c. He stared intently at the target = prepositional verb. The Relative Clause Test Relative clauses in which the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition permit the two patterns shown in (26). (26) a. The man (they were waitings/or ) was late b. The man (for whom they were waiting ) was late. In (26a), the preposition for is at the end of the relative clause enclosed by square brackets, but (26b) shows that this preposition can also occur at the beginning of the clause before the relative pronoun whom."〕 ::d. She takes after her mother. – ''after'' is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase ''after her mother''. ::e. Sam passes for a linguist. – ''for'' is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase ''for a linguist''. ::f. You should stand by your friend. – ''by'' is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase ''by your friend''. ::Verb + particle (particle phrasal verbs) ::a. They brought that up twice. – ''up'' is a particle, not a preposition. ::b. You should think it over. – ''over'' is a particle, not a preposition. ::c. Why does he always dress down? – ''down'' is a particle, not a preposition. ::d. You should not give in so quickly. – ''in'' is a particle, not a preposition. ::e. Where do they want to hang out? – ''out'' is a particle, not a preposition. ::f. She handed it in. – ''in'' is a particle, not a preposition. ::Verb + particle + preposition (particle-prepositional phrasal verbs) ::a. Who can put up with that? – ''up'' is a particle and ''with'' is a preposition.〔Jeanette S. DeCarrico The structure of English: studies in form and function – Volume 1 – Page 80 – 2000 "4.6.3 Prepositional Phrasal Verbs – It is also possible to find phrasal verbs that are themselves followed by a preposition. These structures are called prepositional phrasal verbs or multiword verbs. Examples are put up with (e.g., I can't put up with "〕 ::b. She is looking forward to a rest. – ''forward'' is a particle and ''to'' is a preposition. ::c. The other tanks were bearing down on my panther. – ''down'' is a particle and ''on'' is a preposition. ::d. They were really teeing off on me. – ''off'' is a particle and ''on'' is a preposition. ::e. We loaded up on Mountain Dew and Doritos. – ''up'' is a particle and ''on'' is a preposition ::f. Susan has been sitting in for me. – ''in'' is a particle and ''for'' is a preposition. The difference between these types of phrasal verbs lies with the status of the element(s) that appear in addition to the verb. When the element is a preposition, it is the head of a full prepositional phrase and the phrasal verb is a thus a ''prepositional phrasal verb''. When the element is a particle, it can not (or no longer) be construed as a preposition, but rather is a particle because it does not take a complement.〔For a list of the particles that occur with particle phrasal verbs, see Jurafsky and Martin (2000:319).〕 Finally, many phrasal verbs are combined with both a preposition and a particle. The aspect of these types of phrasal verbs that unifies them under the single banner ''phrasal verb'' is the fact that their meaning cannot be understood based upon the meaning of their parts taken in isolation. When one picks on someone, one is not selecting that person for something, but rather one is harassing them. When one hangs out, one is in no way actually hanging from anything. The meaning of the two or more words together is often drastically different from what one might guess it to be, based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation. As a class, particle phrasal verbs belong to the same category as the separable verbs of other Germanic languages. They are commonly found in everyday, informal speech as opposed to more formal English and Latinate verbs, such as ''to get together'' rather than ''to congregate'', ''to put off'' rather than ''to postpone'' (or ''to defer''), or ''to do up'' rather than ''to fasten''. However, a few phrasal verbs exist in some Romance languages such as Italian and Lombard, in both cases due to the influence of ancient Lombardic: for instance ''far fuori'' (to do in: to eat up; to squander) in Italian and ''dà denter'' (to trade in; to bump into) in Lombard. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phrasal verb」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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